From the May 1956 issue of Extension Farm-News
Six North Carolina rural women will be delegates to the annual meeting of Associated Country Women of the World next winter. The meeting will be held in Ceylon.
Miss Ruth Current, state home demonstration agent, made the announcement.
The six Tar Heel women scheduled to attend the Ceylon meeting are Mrs. J.C. Berryhill, Charlotte, Route 8; Mrs. E.P. Gibson, Laurel Hill, Route 1; Mrs. Charles W. Gough, Hamptonville; Mrs. L.B. Pate, New Bern, Route 2; Mrs. Ralph Proffit, Bald Creek; and Mrs. Robert Starling, Greenville, Route 3. Miss Current expects to accompany the North Carolina delegation to the meeting and the group will be away from this country approximately a month.
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
Forced Air Removed Feed Flavors in Milk, 1948
From Research and Farming, the 1948 annual report of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, published by N.C. State College, Raleigh
Several different types of food flavors can be removed from milk by blowing air through it, according to W.M. Roberts, F.M. Haig, and M.L. Shumaker, who have completed several trials of the new method.
The process consists of heating the off-flavored milk to 150 degrees F., and blowing filtered air through it until the flavor is removed. This usually requires from 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the intensity of the off-flavor. It is necessary to spray milk by circulation into the vat so that the foam which forms can be dispersed. After the flavor is removed, the milk is homogenized at 2,500 to 3,000 pounds per square inch pressure and cooled.
Practically all volatile feed flavors are eliminated by this treatment. The milk has normal keeping qualities. From 3 to 8 per cent of the water is lost by evaporation.
Several different types of food flavors can be removed from milk by blowing air through it, according to W.M. Roberts, F.M. Haig, and M.L. Shumaker, who have completed several trials of the new method.
The process consists of heating the off-flavored milk to 150 degrees F., and blowing filtered air through it until the flavor is removed. This usually requires from 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the intensity of the off-flavor. It is necessary to spray milk by circulation into the vat so that the foam which forms can be dispersed. After the flavor is removed, the milk is homogenized at 2,500 to 3,000 pounds per square inch pressure and cooled.
Practically all volatile feed flavors are eliminated by this treatment. The milk has normal keeping qualities. From 3 to 8 per cent of the water is lost by evaporation.
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
Rural Patients Pay More for Health Care, 1948
From Research and Farming, the 1948 annual report of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, N.C. State College, Raleigh
In a sample survey of 500 rural families of eastern North Carolina, C. Horace Hamilton and staff of the Department of Rural Sociology found that 27 per cent of the families lived more than 10 miles from a doctor and more than 20 miles from a hospital.
The families living at these distances from doctors and hospitals had about the same amount of illness as other families. The survey also showed that they use hospitals and doctors to about the same extent. However, there were two important differences:
The isolated families did not and frequently could not get medical service in their homes; and
If they did get a doctor make the trip, the expense was greater.
Night Calls Higher
The cost of getting a doctor in the country varied with the distance the patient lived from town. The average fee for one call at the doctor’s office was found to be $2.80. The average fee for a home call in the day was $7.12, and for a home call at night, $9.35. On the average, the cost of a call to a patient’s home at night was 31 per cent greater than a daytime call at the same distance.
On the average the cost of a home call in the country started at $2.55 for no distance and increased at the rate of $.66 for each mile the rural family lived from the doctor. This relationship may be tabled as follows:
The initial cost of $2.55 for a home visit with no miles traveled was about the same as the charge for an office visit.
Few Night Calls Result
As a result of the high cost of home calls, especially at night, there are very few such calls. Also there is an increasing tendency for doctors to ask patients to come to their office or to the hospital. This not only saves the doctor’s time but also makes it possible to use laboratory and X-ray equipment which cannot be taken into the country.
Added to this trend in medical service is the fact that more doctors are leaving the small country towns and are located at centers large enough for hospitals. In view of this trend, the development of a rural ambulance service and good rural roads become even more necessary.
In a sample survey of 500 rural families of eastern North Carolina, C. Horace Hamilton and staff of the Department of Rural Sociology found that 27 per cent of the families lived more than 10 miles from a doctor and more than 20 miles from a hospital.
The families living at these distances from doctors and hospitals had about the same amount of illness as other families. The survey also showed that they use hospitals and doctors to about the same extent. However, there were two important differences:
If they did get a doctor make the trip, the expense was greater.
Night Calls Higher
The cost of getting a doctor in the country varied with the distance the patient lived from town. The average fee for one call at the doctor’s office was found to be $2.80. The average fee for a home call in the day was $7.12, and for a home call at night, $9.35. On the average, the cost of a call to a patient’s home at night was 31 per cent greater than a daytime call at the same distance.
On the average the cost of a home call in the country started at $2.55 for no distance and increased at the rate of $.66 for each mile the rural family lived from the doctor. This relationship may be tabled as follows:
| Cost of Doctor’s Visit to Patient’s Home by Miles Traveled | |
|
Miles Traveled
|
Average Cost
|
|
0
|
$2.55
|
|
5
|
5.85
|
|
10
|
9.25
|
|
15
|
12.45
|
|
20
|
15.75
|
|
25
|
19.05
|
The initial cost of $2.55 for a home visit with no miles traveled was about the same as the charge for an office visit.
Few Night Calls Result
As a result of the high cost of home calls, especially at night, there are very few such calls. Also there is an increasing tendency for doctors to ask patients to come to their office or to the hospital. This not only saves the doctor’s time but also makes it possible to use laboratory and X-ray equipment which cannot be taken into the country.
Added to this trend in medical service is the fact that more doctors are leaving the small country towns and are located at centers large enough for hospitals. In view of this trend, the development of a rural ambulance service and good rural roads become even more necessary.
Sunday, May 3, 2015
North Carolinians Staying in School Longer, 1957
From the 1957 Annual Report of the School of Agriculture, N.C. State College, Raleigh
Considering the trend toward longer school enrollment, it was found that in North Carolina, among 14- and 15-year-olds, 90.6 per cent were enrolled in school in 1950. This compared with 83.5 per cent in 1940 and 79.1 per cent in 1930.
In the 15- to 16-year age group, the percentages enrolled were 65.9 in 1950, 55.4 in 1940 and 49.3 in 1930.
This trend was borne out by studying median school grade by age for North Carolina males. In the 55- to 64-years-of-age group in 1940 the median school grade was 6.1. By 1950 this had risen only to 6.6. On the other hand, the median school grade for the 25- to 29-year-age group was 7.7 in 1940 and had climbed to 9.2 by 1950.
It was also found in studying North Carolina enrollment trends that only 33 per cent of the students who had started to school 11 years earlier entered the 11th grade in 1940. By 1955 this had climbed to 60 per cent.
In considering these trends and in the light of the historic roll which N.C. State College has played in fostering the growth of understanding among all the people of the state, the staff members of the School of Agriculture believe it is imperative that our instructional programs of the future reflect the needs of our changing society.
Considering the trend toward longer school enrollment, it was found that in North Carolina, among 14- and 15-year-olds, 90.6 per cent were enrolled in school in 1950. This compared with 83.5 per cent in 1940 and 79.1 per cent in 1930.
In the 15- to 16-year age group, the percentages enrolled were 65.9 in 1950, 55.4 in 1940 and 49.3 in 1930.
This trend was borne out by studying median school grade by age for North Carolina males. In the 55- to 64-years-of-age group in 1940 the median school grade was 6.1. By 1950 this had risen only to 6.6. On the other hand, the median school grade for the 25- to 29-year-age group was 7.7 in 1940 and had climbed to 9.2 by 1950.
It was also found in studying North Carolina enrollment trends that only 33 per cent of the students who had started to school 11 years earlier entered the 11th grade in 1940. By 1955 this had climbed to 60 per cent.
In considering these trends and in the light of the historic roll which N.C. State College has played in fostering the growth of understanding among all the people of the state, the staff members of the School of Agriculture believe it is imperative that our instructional programs of the future reflect the needs of our changing society.
Agriculture in North Carolina, 1865-1939
From NORTH CAROLINA: A Guide to the Old North State; published by the North Carolina Department of Conservation and Development, 1939, and online at http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&printsec=frontcover"& HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&printsec=frontcover"printsec=frontcover#v=onepage HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&printsec=frontcover"& HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&printsec=frontcover"q HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&printsec=frontcover"& HYPERLINK "http://books.google.com/books?id=dQDwh9Ep6jAC&printsec=frontcover"f=false
The War between the States stimulated the production of foodstuffs, but from 1865 to 1900 the North Carolina farmer became steadily poorer. Cotton dropped from a dollar a pound in 1865 to 25 cents a pound in 1868. In the next three decades it dropped 12 cents, to 7 cents, and finally, in 1894, it fell below 5 cents a pound.
The farmer, buying at high prices and selling near the level of production, was forced to run on a credit basis. The merchant financed the farmer, taking a lien on the crops. In return for the risk he took, the merchant demanded a price that averaged higher than the cash price, so that the farmer paid as much as 40 percent annual interest and sometimes more. The farmer was consequently driven to plant money crops—cotton and tobacco—at the expense of food crops. He was in the hopeless position of trying to pay for his food and his food supplies out of the proceeds of his money crop.
The rise of farm tenancy, more than any other factor, forced single-crop farming in North Carolina. The War between the States had broken the existing plantations into small farms, and changed the relationship between landowners and laborers. Landowners, deprived of slave labor, had either to rent their land for cash, pay wages, or let the land to tenants on shares.
Since both the landowners and the landless Negroes and whites who furnished the labor had practically no money, sharecropping was the logical development. Under this system the landowner furnished the tenant with team, implements, and seed, and received from the tenant one-half to two-thirds of the staple crops after harvest. He also advanced provisions for the tenant family, and received payment in either cash o crops.
There was opposition to sharecropping at the outset. The Reconstructed Farmer, edited at Tarboro, believed that:
What demoralizes the labor of our country more than anything else is farming on shares…. The manner in which share laborers are managed is a curse to the country, for in many instances they are put off on land . . . that will not support them the first year, no matter how good the cultivation of the crop may be . . . .
North Carolina farmers were moved by the same desperation that was driving farmers all over the country to organize. Already the Farmers’ Alliance Cooperative Union had swept the Southwest. In North Carolina the Grange had appeared in 1873, attained a membership of about 10,000 in 1875, and then declined.
In 1887 the Farmers’ Alliance was organized in the state under the leadership of Leonidas Polk. A practical farmer himself, Polk had begun publication of the Progressive Farmer at Winston in 1866, and had moved the weekly to Raleigh when he became State Commissioner of Agriculture. The Alliance spread until in 1890 local chapters had been formed in every county but one, and the total membership was more than 90,000.
The Alliance drew the farmers together for education and entertainment. There were discussions of agricultural problems, institutes to spread the knowledge of scientific farming, agricultural clubs, and fairs. The farmers actively supported the reorganization of the State Department of Agriculture, the establishment at Raleigh of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and of the State Normal and Industrial College for Women at Greensboro.
Through a state agency set up by the Alliance, farmers were able to purchase directly from the manufacturer implements, fertilizers, and even food supplies at a saving of from 10 to 60 percent. The small capital, which was raised by selling shares to farmers, made long-time credit impossible, and most of the farmers were tied fast by the crop-lien system and could not take advantage of the saving offered them. Merchants fought the inexperienced cooperatives, until the panic of 1893 finally put an end to them.
As conditions grew steadily worse, the farmers organized as the Populist Party. Joining with the Republicans, this party succeeded in bringing about the election of a Fusionist ticket in 1896.
Since 1900 the number of farms in the state has continued to increase, partly as a result of the great improvement in roads, partly because much potential farm land remained unused. One million six hundred thousand people live on North Carolina farms, the second largest farm population of the 48 states. In 1930 there were almost twice as many persons classified as farmers as there were persons classified as urban dwellers, and of the total population 50.5 percent lived on farms. Though the average size of farms is small, the average cash return per farm in 1930 was high—almost a thousand dollars. In the value of farm products the state in 1937 ranked second to Texas among the Southern states, and fifth in the United States.
Agriculture is not limited to any particular section, although the central and southeastern portions, comprising some 22,000 square miles, are particularly favored and contain some of the richest farm land in eastern America.
In the southern part of the coastal plain, diversified farming is increasing. Remarkable success has been achieved by individuals and groups through intensive truck farming and flower growing. Of increasing importance is the strawberry crop, valued at approximately $2 million a year. Large productive farms in the region ship quantities of early truck to outside markets and also produce cotton, corn, tobacco, soybeans, and sweet and Irish potatoes.
Tobacco, cotton, and corn are the chief crops of the state, and tobacco now brings to North Carolina farmers a greater revenue than any other crop. Tobacco is raised in the central Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, along the South Carolina border, and in the mountains, where burley is the variety produced. In 1937 the crop was valued at more than $141 million. In 1919, with cotton at 35 cents a pound, the total crop of the state was valued at $130 million; in 1935, the low price of 11.5 cents per pound, the total crop value was approximately $41 million.
The Sandhill section produces millions of bushels of peaches for northern and eastern markets. Dewberries, grown in great quantities in this section, are noted for their size and flavor.
Farming is more diversified in the Piedmont, where a large urban population in the industrial centers provides a good market. The chief products are grain, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton. The Piedmont has a high percentage of farm owners and a more balanced farm program, but it, like the Coastal Plain, suffers from a deficiency in livestock and dairy products.
The Mountain Region is an area of diversified farming on a domestic scale. With the exception of potatoes, cabbage, and tobacco, products grown for sale represent only a small part of the total agricultural produce. Tobacco is the only money crop of any importance. Other crops are corn, wheat, a little buckwheat, oats, rye, sorghum, late varieties of Irish potatoes, and hay. Beef cattle and sheep are raised in considerable numbers, and the region is particularly adapted to poultry raising and dairying. Cheese making is an important industry in the northwestern counties. Fertile valleys, especially those in the thermal belt, are particularly suited to fruit growing and truck farming.
Many farm families in the Mountain Region derive an income from the cultivation and gathering of drug plants, especially ginseng and golden seal. There is some income from the sale of ornamental leaves and shrubbery, and a trend toward the cultivation of mountain shrubbery for commercial purposes.
Corn, one of the great crops of North Carolina before the coming of the white man, is produced in every county. In 1935 the value of the crop to the state was a little more than $32 million.
Although North Carolina is still deficient in livestock, in 1935 there were 684,266 head of cattle, an increase of nearly 30 percent over the previous five years. In the same year, 2.5 million pounds of dairy butter, 26 million pounds of farm butter, and 30 million gallons of fluid milk were produced. There were 362,104 horses and mules, 947,143 swine, 8,806,000 chickens, and 90,708 turkeys on North Carolina farms.
Between 1932 and 1935 the gross income of North Carolina farmers rose to slightly over $300 million, more than doubling in three years. These figures indicate, among other things, the increasing interest the farmers are taking in a balanced farm program and the conservation of soil.
One of the most serious economic and social problems with which North Carolina has to deal is farm tenancy. Almost half the farms in the state are operated by tenants who have little chance for farm ownership. Most of these tenants live on the Coastal Plain, where the large cotton and tobacco crops are produced. They frequently move from farm to farm, and are drawn to the factories by the promise of ready money.
Extensive programs in reclamation, conservation, and rehabilitation are being carried on in North Carolina by State and Federal agencies. Experimental farms and nurseries are conducted by the State in the Coastal, Piedmont, and Mountain sections and many of the counties maintain farm agents and home demonstration agents. The State College Extension Service is conducting a program to encourage balanced farming, increased livestock production, and more scientific utilization of the land. The first 4-H club was organized in 1909 in Hertford County. There are now (1939) 1,500 such clubs in the state with a total membership of 43,000.
The Farm Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has organized subsistence homestead projects at Scuppernong Farms, on the border of Lake Phelps in Tyrrell and Washington Counties, and at Penderlea, in Pender County. Projects for demonstration in soil conservation, especially erosion control, were established in numerous sections of the state by Federal Government agencies during the 1930s.
The War between the States stimulated the production of foodstuffs, but from 1865 to 1900 the North Carolina farmer became steadily poorer. Cotton dropped from a dollar a pound in 1865 to 25 cents a pound in 1868. In the next three decades it dropped 12 cents, to 7 cents, and finally, in 1894, it fell below 5 cents a pound.
The farmer, buying at high prices and selling near the level of production, was forced to run on a credit basis. The merchant financed the farmer, taking a lien on the crops. In return for the risk he took, the merchant demanded a price that averaged higher than the cash price, so that the farmer paid as much as 40 percent annual interest and sometimes more. The farmer was consequently driven to plant money crops—cotton and tobacco—at the expense of food crops. He was in the hopeless position of trying to pay for his food and his food supplies out of the proceeds of his money crop.
The rise of farm tenancy, more than any other factor, forced single-crop farming in North Carolina. The War between the States had broken the existing plantations into small farms, and changed the relationship between landowners and laborers. Landowners, deprived of slave labor, had either to rent their land for cash, pay wages, or let the land to tenants on shares.
Since both the landowners and the landless Negroes and whites who furnished the labor had practically no money, sharecropping was the logical development. Under this system the landowner furnished the tenant with team, implements, and seed, and received from the tenant one-half to two-thirds of the staple crops after harvest. He also advanced provisions for the tenant family, and received payment in either cash o crops.
There was opposition to sharecropping at the outset. The Reconstructed Farmer, edited at Tarboro, believed that:
North Carolina farmers were moved by the same desperation that was driving farmers all over the country to organize. Already the Farmers’ Alliance Cooperative Union had swept the Southwest. In North Carolina the Grange had appeared in 1873, attained a membership of about 10,000 in 1875, and then declined.
In 1887 the Farmers’ Alliance was organized in the state under the leadership of Leonidas Polk. A practical farmer himself, Polk had begun publication of the Progressive Farmer at Winston in 1866, and had moved the weekly to Raleigh when he became State Commissioner of Agriculture. The Alliance spread until in 1890 local chapters had been formed in every county but one, and the total membership was more than 90,000.
The Alliance drew the farmers together for education and entertainment. There were discussions of agricultural problems, institutes to spread the knowledge of scientific farming, agricultural clubs, and fairs. The farmers actively supported the reorganization of the State Department of Agriculture, the establishment at Raleigh of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, and of the State Normal and Industrial College for Women at Greensboro.
Through a state agency set up by the Alliance, farmers were able to purchase directly from the manufacturer implements, fertilizers, and even food supplies at a saving of from 10 to 60 percent. The small capital, which was raised by selling shares to farmers, made long-time credit impossible, and most of the farmers were tied fast by the crop-lien system and could not take advantage of the saving offered them. Merchants fought the inexperienced cooperatives, until the panic of 1893 finally put an end to them.
As conditions grew steadily worse, the farmers organized as the Populist Party. Joining with the Republicans, this party succeeded in bringing about the election of a Fusionist ticket in 1896.
Since 1900 the number of farms in the state has continued to increase, partly as a result of the great improvement in roads, partly because much potential farm land remained unused. One million six hundred thousand people live on North Carolina farms, the second largest farm population of the 48 states. In 1930 there were almost twice as many persons classified as farmers as there were persons classified as urban dwellers, and of the total population 50.5 percent lived on farms. Though the average size of farms is small, the average cash return per farm in 1930 was high—almost a thousand dollars. In the value of farm products the state in 1937 ranked second to Texas among the Southern states, and fifth in the United States.
Agriculture is not limited to any particular section, although the central and southeastern portions, comprising some 22,000 square miles, are particularly favored and contain some of the richest farm land in eastern America.
In the southern part of the coastal plain, diversified farming is increasing. Remarkable success has been achieved by individuals and groups through intensive truck farming and flower growing. Of increasing importance is the strawberry crop, valued at approximately $2 million a year. Large productive farms in the region ship quantities of early truck to outside markets and also produce cotton, corn, tobacco, soybeans, and sweet and Irish potatoes.
Tobacco, cotton, and corn are the chief crops of the state, and tobacco now brings to North Carolina farmers a greater revenue than any other crop. Tobacco is raised in the central Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, along the South Carolina border, and in the mountains, where burley is the variety produced. In 1937 the crop was valued at more than $141 million. In 1919, with cotton at 35 cents a pound, the total crop of the state was valued at $130 million; in 1935, the low price of 11.5 cents per pound, the total crop value was approximately $41 million.
The Sandhill section produces millions of bushels of peaches for northern and eastern markets. Dewberries, grown in great quantities in this section, are noted for their size and flavor.
Farming is more diversified in the Piedmont, where a large urban population in the industrial centers provides a good market. The chief products are grain, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton. The Piedmont has a high percentage of farm owners and a more balanced farm program, but it, like the Coastal Plain, suffers from a deficiency in livestock and dairy products.
The Mountain Region is an area of diversified farming on a domestic scale. With the exception of potatoes, cabbage, and tobacco, products grown for sale represent only a small part of the total agricultural produce. Tobacco is the only money crop of any importance. Other crops are corn, wheat, a little buckwheat, oats, rye, sorghum, late varieties of Irish potatoes, and hay. Beef cattle and sheep are raised in considerable numbers, and the region is particularly adapted to poultry raising and dairying. Cheese making is an important industry in the northwestern counties. Fertile valleys, especially those in the thermal belt, are particularly suited to fruit growing and truck farming.
Many farm families in the Mountain Region derive an income from the cultivation and gathering of drug plants, especially ginseng and golden seal. There is some income from the sale of ornamental leaves and shrubbery, and a trend toward the cultivation of mountain shrubbery for commercial purposes.
Corn, one of the great crops of North Carolina before the coming of the white man, is produced in every county. In 1935 the value of the crop to the state was a little more than $32 million.
Although North Carolina is still deficient in livestock, in 1935 there were 684,266 head of cattle, an increase of nearly 30 percent over the previous five years. In the same year, 2.5 million pounds of dairy butter, 26 million pounds of farm butter, and 30 million gallons of fluid milk were produced. There were 362,104 horses and mules, 947,143 swine, 8,806,000 chickens, and 90,708 turkeys on North Carolina farms.
Between 1932 and 1935 the gross income of North Carolina farmers rose to slightly over $300 million, more than doubling in three years. These figures indicate, among other things, the increasing interest the farmers are taking in a balanced farm program and the conservation of soil.
One of the most serious economic and social problems with which North Carolina has to deal is farm tenancy. Almost half the farms in the state are operated by tenants who have little chance for farm ownership. Most of these tenants live on the Coastal Plain, where the large cotton and tobacco crops are produced. They frequently move from farm to farm, and are drawn to the factories by the promise of ready money.
Extensive programs in reclamation, conservation, and rehabilitation are being carried on in North Carolina by State and Federal agencies. Experimental farms and nurseries are conducted by the State in the Coastal, Piedmont, and Mountain sections and many of the counties maintain farm agents and home demonstration agents. The State College Extension Service is conducting a program to encourage balanced farming, increased livestock production, and more scientific utilization of the land. The first 4-H club was organized in 1909 in Hertford County. There are now (1939) 1,500 such clubs in the state with a total membership of 43,000.
The Farm Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has organized subsistence homestead projects at Scuppernong Farms, on the border of Lake Phelps in Tyrrell and Washington Counties, and at Penderlea, in Pender County. Projects for demonstration in soil conservation, especially erosion control, were established in numerous sections of the state by Federal Government agencies during the 1930s.
Saturday, May 2, 2015
Touring Successful Farms in Wake County, 1946
By Frank H. Jeter, Extension Editor, N.C. State College, Raleigh, as published May 9, 1946, in a Greensboro newspaper.
Thousands of acres of medium to poor land throughout the piedmont section of North Carolina can be made to yield good grazing crops through proper fertilization and seeding, as shown by farm demonstrations conducted in Wake County under the direction of County Agent Lloyd T. Weeks.
Last week about 40 farmers visited six temporary pastures, eight permanent pastures, seven farms growing alfalfa, two farms with hay driers, one model calf barn, and one farm that grew purebred hogs, all in a full day’s trip through Wake County that lasted for 11 hours.
The first stop was at the farm of Theo L. Jones, Raleigh, Route 4, where growers saw 20 cows on 14 acres of temporary pasture on land that was in broom sedge and briars three years ago. Believe it or not, the animals cannot begin to take care of all the grazing on the field this spring.
Jones put 2 tons of lime per acre, 300 pounds of 3-12-6, an application of stable manure, and some phosphate during the three-year period. His seeding of the present grazing crop was 15 pounds of white clover, 15 pounds of rye grass, and 2 bushels of barley and oats per acre.
He had a second field of one acre of temporary grazing for two Percheron horses and a third field of one acre for his Hereford bull, with a good wire fence around it. The bull gets the majority of his feed during the year from his one acre of permanent pasture.
KILDARE FARM
Farm Manager C.A. Keisler showed an excellent dairy barn at Kildare Farm near Cary with a curing of about 18 tons of pea-green alfalfa hay from 25 acres on a mechanical hay drier. The crop was current. The complete cost of the hay drier was about $700 when put in last year, and it cured out 80 tons of hay. Each crop of hay was piled on top of the other for curing, and it went up to the roof of the large barn, the last curing taking the shortest length of time. Keisler said that heat from the roof was probably responsible for this.
The visiting farmers also saw a temporary pasture on Kildare Farm that was taking care of better than three cows per acre. It had received manure, 1 ½ tons of lime per acre, and 500 pounds of 2-12-6 with a seeding of 15 pounds of rye grass and 15 pounds of crimson clover. Keisler plans to increase his rate of seeding to 20 pounds of clover and 30 pounds of rye grass per acre next year so as to establish a still thicker sod and get more days of grazing. He topdressed with nitrogen in late February and up to last week had obtained 46 days of grazing. "With plenty of grazing and good alfalfa hay our milk production jumped from 75 gallons a day up to a total of almost 125 gallons a day," he explained.
"That was just about my experience," chimed in Blanny Franks, who lives about 7 miles southwest of Raleigh. The grazing crop on the Kildare Farm was seeded September 1.
Also on Kildare was a native pasture of blue grass and white clover that has never been seeded. There was also considerable low hop clover. During the two years it had received 700 pounds of 20 per cent superphosphate, 2 ½ tons of lime, two applications of manure, and 200 pounds of 2-12-6 per acre. All of the growth was from native grasses.
Another pasture of this same general type was seen during the afternoon on the farm of Irvin Jackson of Raleigh, Route 1.
John L. Sears, Morrisville tobacco grower, told how a permanent pasture and increased hay crops had paid off in reduced feed costs for work stock and his milk and beef cattle. S.S. Yancey of Varina showed how alfalfa planting had saved a sadly worn field on his Holly Springs farm, and another Varina farm-owner, J.W. Adcock explained how he had used nitrates and fertilizer to grow alfalfa on sandy soil.
After a brief stop for lunch, the group inspected a permanent pasture of John H. Pope’s farm near Garner, looking over temporary and permanent pastures and a day drier on the farm of Obie Haithcock at Route 5, Raleigh, and examined temporary and permanent pastures and an alfalfa stand at the W.V. Green farm at Neuse.
Moving on to Wake Forest, the tour took in two farms operated by W.W. Holding, to look over first and second year alfalfa and a temporary pasture and cinder brick calf barn.
At Wendell, C.H. Horton showed the group a permanent pasture he had built up out of a cleared timber tract and a field of alfalfa. In Zebulon, where the tour ended, the group looked over P.M. Horton’s temporary hog pastures and one of the county’s leading herds of pure bred Poland China swine.
When 21 farmers were questioned during the lunch hour, 11 reported that they were growing alfalfa; 14 hybrid corn; and 17 permanent pastures. They said that they were getting most of their information on improved farm practices from the county agents, farm magazines, and other farmers.
Thousands of acres of medium to poor land throughout the piedmont section of North Carolina can be made to yield good grazing crops through proper fertilization and seeding, as shown by farm demonstrations conducted in Wake County under the direction of County Agent Lloyd T. Weeks.
Last week about 40 farmers visited six temporary pastures, eight permanent pastures, seven farms growing alfalfa, two farms with hay driers, one model calf barn, and one farm that grew purebred hogs, all in a full day’s trip through Wake County that lasted for 11 hours.
The first stop was at the farm of Theo L. Jones, Raleigh, Route 4, where growers saw 20 cows on 14 acres of temporary pasture on land that was in broom sedge and briars three years ago. Believe it or not, the animals cannot begin to take care of all the grazing on the field this spring.
Jones put 2 tons of lime per acre, 300 pounds of 3-12-6, an application of stable manure, and some phosphate during the three-year period. His seeding of the present grazing crop was 15 pounds of white clover, 15 pounds of rye grass, and 2 bushels of barley and oats per acre.
He had a second field of one acre of temporary grazing for two Percheron horses and a third field of one acre for his Hereford bull, with a good wire fence around it. The bull gets the majority of his feed during the year from his one acre of permanent pasture.
KILDARE FARM
Farm Manager C.A. Keisler showed an excellent dairy barn at Kildare Farm near Cary with a curing of about 18 tons of pea-green alfalfa hay from 25 acres on a mechanical hay drier. The crop was current. The complete cost of the hay drier was about $700 when put in last year, and it cured out 80 tons of hay. Each crop of hay was piled on top of the other for curing, and it went up to the roof of the large barn, the last curing taking the shortest length of time. Keisler said that heat from the roof was probably responsible for this.
The visiting farmers also saw a temporary pasture on Kildare Farm that was taking care of better than three cows per acre. It had received manure, 1 ½ tons of lime per acre, and 500 pounds of 2-12-6 with a seeding of 15 pounds of rye grass and 15 pounds of crimson clover. Keisler plans to increase his rate of seeding to 20 pounds of clover and 30 pounds of rye grass per acre next year so as to establish a still thicker sod and get more days of grazing. He topdressed with nitrogen in late February and up to last week had obtained 46 days of grazing. "With plenty of grazing and good alfalfa hay our milk production jumped from 75 gallons a day up to a total of almost 125 gallons a day," he explained.
"That was just about my experience," chimed in Blanny Franks, who lives about 7 miles southwest of Raleigh. The grazing crop on the Kildare Farm was seeded September 1.
Also on Kildare was a native pasture of blue grass and white clover that has never been seeded. There was also considerable low hop clover. During the two years it had received 700 pounds of 20 per cent superphosphate, 2 ½ tons of lime, two applications of manure, and 200 pounds of 2-12-6 per acre. All of the growth was from native grasses.
Another pasture of this same general type was seen during the afternoon on the farm of Irvin Jackson of Raleigh, Route 1.
John L. Sears, Morrisville tobacco grower, told how a permanent pasture and increased hay crops had paid off in reduced feed costs for work stock and his milk and beef cattle. S.S. Yancey of Varina showed how alfalfa planting had saved a sadly worn field on his Holly Springs farm, and another Varina farm-owner, J.W. Adcock explained how he had used nitrates and fertilizer to grow alfalfa on sandy soil.
After a brief stop for lunch, the group inspected a permanent pasture of John H. Pope’s farm near Garner, looking over temporary and permanent pastures and a day drier on the farm of Obie Haithcock at Route 5, Raleigh, and examined temporary and permanent pastures and an alfalfa stand at the W.V. Green farm at Neuse.
Moving on to Wake Forest, the tour took in two farms operated by W.W. Holding, to look over first and second year alfalfa and a temporary pasture and cinder brick calf barn.
At Wendell, C.H. Horton showed the group a permanent pasture he had built up out of a cleared timber tract and a field of alfalfa. In Zebulon, where the tour ended, the group looked over P.M. Horton’s temporary hog pastures and one of the county’s leading herds of pure bred Poland China swine.
When 21 farmers were questioned during the lunch hour, 11 reported that they were growing alfalfa; 14 hybrid corn; and 17 permanent pastures. They said that they were getting most of their information on improved farm practices from the county agents, farm magazines, and other farmers.
Friday, May 1, 2015
John Goodman, Elizabeth Tuttle, J.I. Wagoner Honored by USDA, 1953
From Extension Farm-News, May 1953
Three North Carolina Extension workers have been chosen to receive Department of Agriculture Superior Service Awards—the second highest departmental honor that USDA employees can receive.
John W. Goodman, assistant Extension director; Mrs. Elizabeth L. Tuttle, Forsyth County home demonstration agent; and J.I. Wagoner, Guilford County farm agent, were scheduled to receive the awards from Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson at the Sylvan Theatre on the Washington Monument grounds May 19.
Last year 15 Extension workers from 13 states received Superior Service awards; 120 persons from throughout the USDA were so honored. The awards consist of a silver medal, a certificate, and a silver lapel emblem.
Since 1935, Goodman has been charged with helping obtain money for North Carolina Extension expenditures and then seeing that it is carefully and equally distributed. A letter of nomination for the award states, "The Extension Service owes a debt to Mr. Goodman for the long hours he has spent each biennium in preparing a budget for consideration by the State Legislature…."
Goodman, a native of Cumberland, Va., and a graduate of VPI, came to North Carolina as a count agent in Avery on August 1, 1919. He later served Extension as Western District agent.
Mrs. Tuttle has been home agent in Forsyth since 1931 when there were 14 home demonstration clubs with 273 members and three 4-H Clubs with 76 girls enrolled in the county. Today there are 32 home demonstration clubs with a membership of more than 900, and 20 4-H Clubs with 950 girls enrolled.
In 1948, the Winston-Salem Journal-Sentinal newspapers named her the city’s outstanding woman in community work. That year she also received a distinguished service award from the National Home Demonstration Agents Association. She has held office and served as an active member in an impressive number of service organizations, both rural and urban. In 1950-51 she was president of the State Home Demonstration Agents Association.
Mrs. Tuttle served as home economics teacher at the Walnut Cove High School, 1925-26, and at Walkertown, 1926-31.
Wagoner, a 1919 graduate of State College, became Guilford County farm agent in 1924. Within a year he organized the first county board of agriculture in the State’s history. The board is still functioning and many counties have patterned similar organizations after this one. He is the father of the Guilford Dairy Heard Improvement Association which now has 1,214 cows under the program. He helped organize the Guilford Dairy Cooperative in 1931; the cooperative does a $3 million business each year.
Three North Carolina Extension workers have been chosen to receive Department of Agriculture Superior Service Awards—the second highest departmental honor that USDA employees can receive.
John W. Goodman, assistant Extension director; Mrs. Elizabeth L. Tuttle, Forsyth County home demonstration agent; and J.I. Wagoner, Guilford County farm agent, were scheduled to receive the awards from Secretary of Agriculture Ezra Taft Benson at the Sylvan Theatre on the Washington Monument grounds May 19.
Last year 15 Extension workers from 13 states received Superior Service awards; 120 persons from throughout the USDA were so honored. The awards consist of a silver medal, a certificate, and a silver lapel emblem.
Since 1935, Goodman has been charged with helping obtain money for North Carolina Extension expenditures and then seeing that it is carefully and equally distributed. A letter of nomination for the award states, "The Extension Service owes a debt to Mr. Goodman for the long hours he has spent each biennium in preparing a budget for consideration by the State Legislature…."
Goodman, a native of Cumberland, Va., and a graduate of VPI, came to North Carolina as a count agent in Avery on August 1, 1919. He later served Extension as Western District agent.
Mrs. Tuttle has been home agent in Forsyth since 1931 when there were 14 home demonstration clubs with 273 members and three 4-H Clubs with 76 girls enrolled in the county. Today there are 32 home demonstration clubs with a membership of more than 900, and 20 4-H Clubs with 950 girls enrolled.
In 1948, the Winston-Salem Journal-Sentinal newspapers named her the city’s outstanding woman in community work. That year she also received a distinguished service award from the National Home Demonstration Agents Association. She has held office and served as an active member in an impressive number of service organizations, both rural and urban. In 1950-51 she was president of the State Home Demonstration Agents Association.
Mrs. Tuttle served as home economics teacher at the Walnut Cove High School, 1925-26, and at Walkertown, 1926-31.
Wagoner, a 1919 graduate of State College, became Guilford County farm agent in 1924. Within a year he organized the first county board of agriculture in the State’s history. The board is still functioning and many counties have patterned similar organizations after this one. He is the father of the Guilford Dairy Heard Improvement Association which now has 1,214 cows under the program. He helped organize the Guilford Dairy Cooperative in 1931; the cooperative does a $3 million business each year.
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